Factors for Motivation at Work in Nursing

Factors for Motivation at Work in Nursing Is motivation at work for nurses in two NHS hospitals dependant on job satisfaction or financial incentives? The National Health Service was described in a BBC News article in 2000 (BBC, 2000) as an organization in crisis as it analyzed various factors impacting the agency. The report indicated the new government mandate titled, â€Å"The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment: A Plan for Reform† (NHS, 2000) consisting of billions committed to improving the services across a wide breathe of areas which included the following concerns as brought forth via consultation with NHS staff members and the public (NHS, 2000). The consultation consisted of interviews and surveys with 58,000 staff members and 152,000 members of the public, with the following ten areas the top concerns the public and staff members voiced: Table 1 – Top Ten Concerns Voiced by the Public and NHS Staff Members (NHS, 2000): Public Staff Members 1 More staff members with higher pay scales, the foregoing includes increased doctors, nurses, scientists and therapists, More staff, with the top concern mentioned as increases in this area and higher pay, 2 a reduction in waiting times for appointments as well as on trolleys and casualty, additional training along with an improvement in management shills across all staffing levels, 3 an improvement in the ways or working with â€Å"bring back the matron† (NHS, 2000) mentioned as one aspect of the foregoing an increase in what was termed as ‘jointed-up’ working with social services at the community as well as primary care levels, 4 focusing care that is centered on the patients with action to be taken on operations that have been canceled as well as providing more convenient services, reduced bureaucracy, consisting of less administration along with an improvement in funding systems, 5 a higher quality of care provided with cancer and heart disease mentioned prominently, more action and information on prevention to reduce the causes of ill health, 6 better medical facilities consisting of cleaner locations with a better quality of food and attention to getting the basics correct, improved working conditions along with increased aids for recruitment as well as staff retention, and more flexibility in working patterns, 7 an improvement in facilities for NHS staff, with rewards and recognition for the work done by staff members, a reduction in waiting times, 8 an improvement in location services along with improvements in local hospitals as well as surgical facilities, patient centered care, with staff frustration concerning the system being too focused on itself and its needs without meeting individual patient needs 9 an end to the postcode lottery and the assurance of higher quality in all locales, Increased performance as well as accountability systems to reduce variances in care in different locales 10 increased prevention along with better assistance on information and help on healthy living An increase in autonomy for local services to provide them with more control over their organization and a reduction in control from Whitehall The preceding indicates the similarity of views and concerns between the public and NHS staff in 2000 at the inception of the government’s â€Å"The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment: A Plan for Reform† (NHS, 2000). In June of 2004 the Department of Health reported on the â€Å"NHS Improvement Plan† (Department of Health, 2004) which detailed the progress made in the NHS since the year 2000. The ‘Forward’ to this document by Prime Minister Tony Blair summarized the achievements and status of the NHS and the following calls attention to those areas as indicated in Table 1 Top Ten Concerns Voiced by the Public and NHS Staff Members: Under the ‘Plan’ thousands of additional doctors and nurses, representing a 22% rise in doctors, 21% increase in nurses and a 27% rise in scientific staff, new incentives for staff and pay contracts have been implemented, incentives have been created to reward staff for service commitments and improvements, dozens of new hospital facilities have been opened under the ‘Plan’, there has been a reduction in waiting times, from 18 months to under nine months, outpatient appointments have been reduced from 26 weeks to 17 weeks, cancer and heart disease death rates have been reduced, new services such as NHS Direct and Walk-in Centres have been implemented, patient care has been improved with faster diagnosis and treatment times clinical governance has aided in aiding in evaluation and overall service improvement as implemented under â€Å"The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment: A Plan for Reform† (NHS, 2000) The preceding represent a summary of the status report on the improvements in the NHS since the adoption of â€Å"The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment: A Plan for Reform† (NHS, 2000). The foregoing information is endemic to the examination of whether motivation at work for nurses is dependent upon job satisfaction or financial incentives as the NHS is a countrywide operation and the overall system impacts upon each hospital and staff member even in the best of situations. Thus, the overall climate and atmosphere of the NHS is an important factor in understanding the context of this examination. The underlying facts are that in terms of health care expenditures and other areas the United Kingdom spends just $1,813 per resident as compared to $2,387 for France, $2,780 for Germany, $2,580 for Canada and $4,500 for the United States (OECD, 2003). And the foregoing is further exacerbated by the fact that the United Kingdom has just 2 physicians for each 1,000 in population as compar ed against 2.8 in the United States and 3.3 in Germany and France (Stevens, 2004, pp. 37-44). And while the shortfall of physicians represents a major NHS problem, it is the nurses who see to the multitude of tasks and daily patient care which makes the hospitals run and the shortage of these professionals is a critical component in better health care. A BBC News article in 1999 pointed out that some of the reasons for the shortage of nurses in the NHS are due to poor pay as well as conditions that have affected retention as well as recruitment (BBC News, 1999). The sub-standard pay scale was illustrated through a survey that found that one fifth of all health workers had taken on a second job to enable them to meet expenses, and that one third worked an average of two weeks per year without pay as a result of extra overtime work (BBC News, 1999). The article (BBC News, 1999) added that pay was not the only factor in the nursing shortage problem, the nurses mentioned conditions and a lack of job satisfaction due to the long working hours, heavy pressure, under staffing and lack of recognition. This document shall examine the crisis confronting the NHS with respect to nurses from the standpoint of whether the motivational factor for these professionals is dependant upon job satisfaction or financial incentives. This examination shal l utilize secondary survey sources as well as a primary survey to equate these aspects along with theoretical research and opinions. Chapter 2 – Literature Review In examining the question of whether motivation for nurses in the NHS is dependant upon job satisfaction or financial incentives, an understanding of various motivational theories is critical to this review. A central subject in the study of psychology, motivation was equated by Sigmund Freud who thought that a good part of the behavior of human beings was based upon unconscious motives and or irrational instinctive urges (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2006). Behavioral psychologists, however, stress that the importance of external goals plays a huge role in prompting action, and humanistic psychologists believe that it lies in felt needs (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2006). A major study conducted by the Kings Fund (2002) pointed out that the government’s commitment to add an additional  £9.4 billion in funding to improve NHS services to bring the agency into closer proximity with the spending of other European countries, as well as the additional of more nurses, therapists and cons ultants in and of itself was not enough. The Report stressed that the problems of staff retention and recruitment have their roots in good morale and motivation, and that the foregoing is an essential component in order to have a healthy workforce as well as to aid in the attraction as well as retention of nurses (Kings Fund, 2002). The Report went on to state that the NHS needs to have a better understanding of both the positive and negative factors acting upon motivation and morale, as these aspects need to be addressed as part of improving the overall state of service delivery in the NHS (Kings Fund, 2002). The preceding implication has been borne out in an article by Margaret Callaghan (2003, pp. 82-89) who conducted a study on morale amongst fifty-eight nurses, 30 were females and 28 were male) regarding morale and career concerns. The study found that morale was extremely low among the respondents with a large number of the group surveyed seriously thinking of leaving the profession. More importantly, the feelings among the surveyed group were so strong regarding the negative aspects of nursing in the NHS that they indicated that the majority of those surveyed indicated they would discourage others from entering the profession, citing disillusionment, limited advancement opportunities, job insecurity, limited resources and the lack of support for furthered education, which equate to motivational issues, as well as low pay (Callaghan, 2003, pp. 82-89). Interestingly, the findings of the study indicated that recent increases in the pay scale had helped to improve staff morale however; this development only partly offset other factors (Callaghan, 2003, pp. 82-89). Additional information on the importance of nursing morale, motivational factors and job satisfaction are addressed in Chapter 2.1 the Broader Survey, which includes a number of surveys’s and studies. 2.1 The Broader Survey The annual RCN membership survey conducted in 2003 (Ball et al, 2003) found that the overall nursing population is getting older, with the media age increasing to 41 from 39 just five years ago. The respondent field consisted of a mailing of 15,917 RCN members with a 61% response rate, or 9,700 returned forms, thus the survey covered a broad number of members and it can be concluded that the sampling is an accurate cross section representing meaningful numbers that precludes bias. The significance of the foregoing with respect to the theme of this study is that the drop out rate for nursing students now stands at between 15% to 20%, with one out of ten of those surveyed indicating that they would not elect to work for the NHS (Ball et al, 2003). The findings indicated that the work hour demands placed on NHS nurses represents a real factor in dissatisfaction with their jobs in that 64% work full time averaging 44 hours per week as opposed to just 20% for GP nurses (Ball et al, 2003). The significance of the foregoing in the context of this examination is that nurses indicated that they want greater choice and control over their working hours and cited this as a major factor in moving into agency and bank work where they work for a lower rate of pay, and usually the same hours and the same settings as NHS nurses. This represents an interesting correlation in that nurses elect these options even though they complain about the lower rates of pay for the same work and grades, however, they are more positive about their experience in bank and agency work than their NHS counterparts (Ball et al, 2003). The foregoing is borne out by the fact that nurses in NHS hospitals are less satisfied with their choices over shift lengths, as noted by 40%, as compared to 26% of GP practice nurses and 22% of agency and bank nurses, thus representing a key job satisfaction issue. The preceding is further evidenced by NHS nurses working in excess of their 37.5 contracted hours, averagi ng 44 hours per week. 2.2 The Critical Review The RCN study uncovered that career prospects and the opportunity to progress are limited as three-fifths indicated that it was difficult to advance from their present grade, with E grade nurses as the most pessimistic (Ball et al, 2003). The lack of definitive job advancement opportunities represents a hurdle to motivating NHS nurses as well as recruitment, as do the survey findings regarding the following areas (Ball et al, 2003): Table 2 – NHS Views of Workload and Staffing (Ball et al, 2003) Disagree Strongly Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Do not spend too much time on non-nursing duties 17 37 23 2 There are sufficient Staff to provide a good standard of care 21 40 23 3 I am not under too much pressure at work 19 37 16 1 My workload is not too heavy 23 39 13 1 The RCN study indicated that in terms of nurse’s issues, pay scales were not the overriding issue as factors such as workloads and hours worked played a large part in their perceptions. The study found that the respondents rated good pay as an important aspect by 75% of those surveyed, and 90% of the respondents stated that staffing was an extremely important issue and was one of the most cited areas by nurses to improve job satisfaction (Ball et al, 2003). The findings strongly indicated that as a result of dissatisfaction with working conditions that nurses were prepared to leave NHS jobs for less pay to gain control over their personal lives indicating the importance of job satisfaction as a key area. The lack of adequate opportunities for advance also rated high on the list of concerns and complaints voiced by respondents as 47% indicated that they were not graded appropriately (Ball et al, 2003). Pay scales are the outgrowth of the preceding thus naturally the attitudes t owards compensation rated high on the list of replies. Table 3 – Views Regarding Pay (Ball et al, 2003) Disagree Strongly disagree Agree Strongly agree I could not be paid more for less effort if I left nursing 35 39 10 1 Nurses are not paid poorly in relation to other professional groups 54 36 3 2 Considering the work I do I am paid well 23 48 11 1 The replies in this area are consistent with the complaints regarding poor pay as voiced by NHS nurses as well as uncovered in numerous surveys and articles on this area, and nine of ten nurses feel that they are poorly paid in comparison with other professions (Ball et al, 2003). The importance of adequate pay was indicated by 75% of respondents, with 80% stating that receiving promotions based upon merit as equally important which represents a job satisfaction issue. Equating the factors representing motivation, job satisfaction and financial incentives in the nursing profession is an exceedingly complex task owing to the highly skilled nature of the work as well as the differing positions, grading and assignment variables involved. A significant measure of job satisfaction is the movement of staff in and out of the NHS. The study found that 25% of NHS nurses had changed jobs in the calendar year compared against 15% in the GP practice sector, and 17% involved in nursing and nurse education. Table 4 – NHS Nurse Turnover 1996 – 2002 (Ball et al, 2003) Year Percent 1996 23% 1997 21% 1998 18% 1999 19% 2000 20% 2001 23% 2002 24% 2003 25% It is important to note that in equating the preceding figures that a change of job does not always mean that one has left their current employer, as it could also mean a promotion, transfer or lateral move within the same organization. The survey revealed that 51% of the indicated changes in job represented a change in employer and that 13% of all nurses engaged in this practice during 2003 (Ball et al, 2003). The sheer overall size of the NHS means that most employment changes entailed jobs within the NHS system, with 96.5% of the nurses changing jobs who were in the NHS remaining in the NHS even though they switched or changed jobs (Ball et al, 2003), and these job changes can also entail the NHS bank. An important determinant of job satisfaction and motivation is what nurses plan to do in the future with regard to their employment. 29% of the surveyed nurses indicated their intention to leave their employer in the next two years, with NHS nurses indicated this intention at 27% (B all et al, 2003). Those nurses who indicated that they intend to stay at the present employment cited that they felt that their work was valued as the primary reason, 63% (Ball et al, 2003). Nurse’s views regarding motivation along with job satisfaction can be also equated via morale which describes their views as well as attitudes. The survey uncovered that 73% of respondents indicated that they did not desire to leave nursing as a profession, and of the 27% who expressed a desire to leave only 22% indicated that they would recommend nursing to others as a career (Ball et al, 2003). 74% indicated that the career prospects in the profession have increasingly become less attractive and a higher percentage would opt to leave the profession altogether if they could think of a suitable alternative after the years they invested in the career (Ball et al, 2003). Table 5 – Respondents Indicating They Would Leave Nursing If They Could (Ball et al, 2003) Strongly agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly disagree Work is valued score 3.5 3.05 2.75 2.4 2.1 Table 6 – Respondents Indicating They Want to Leave Nursing Percentages (Ball et al, 2003) 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55 and over Would leave 14.7 23 31 32.5 27 33 30 26 Planning to leave 5 9 10.5 9 7 7 11 34 The survey uncovered that the respondents who indicated a desire to leave the profession if they could was correlated strongly with their perception of a lack of advancement and or promotion opportunities. And those who feel that their work is valued indicated that they would either stay or did not indicate an intention or consideration of leaving. The preceding seemingly points to job satisfaction as the more important factor among nurses, feeling appreciated and valued, rather than low pay, which is cited often as a problem as well as advancement opportunities. Morale as well as being or feeling rewarded thus tends to fall closely with feeling valued and or appreciated as a reason for motivating nurses. In terms of correlating the information and findings uncovered as a result of the RCN membership survey conducted in 2003 (Ball et al, 2003) the Kings Fund survey of ‘Morale and Motivation’ in the NHS represents a interesting manner in which to compare results to determine whether motivation for nurses is dependent on job satisfaction or financial incentives. The Kings Fund survey indicated that while it is difficult to measure the way in which individuals feel regarding their work, the survey indications pointed to morale as well as motivation in the NHS as being low. The Kings Fund survey identified three distinct factors that affect both moral and motivation (Kings Fund, 2002): whether of not the staff feel they are valued, the working environment, and resources and pay scales These same three aspects were correlations reached in the RCN membership survey conducted in 2003 (Ball et al, 2003) and thus provides a strong case for the fact that job satisfaction seemingly represents the key motivational factor for nurses in the NHS. The Kings Fund summary indicated that nurses as well as doctors have elected to leave their positions in the NHS as well as to retire early in large numbers (Ball et al, 2003). The preceding has been found to be in huge part that NHS staff members feeling that they are not valued by the government as well as the media, which has been critical of their performance and quality of service, which reflects in shaping public perceptions to a great degree. The Kings Fund (2002) survey points to the example of hospitals in the United States that have been successful in the attraction and retention of nurses which studies have attributed to their including staff in decision making aspects to increase their perception of value and worth as we ll as involvement and control. The Kings Fund study indicated that the major factors that affect morale as well as motivation are as follows (Kings Fund, 2002): Working Environment The study found that the quality of the working environment which respect primarily to the staffing levels, speed of reform and the depth of same are major factors affecting morale as well as motivation. It indicated that too much change as well as too much political control represent de-motivating factors and represent key reasons that individuals indicate as desiring to leave employ in the NHS. Feeling Valued The RCN membership survey (Ball et al, 2003) strongly indicated the importance of ‘feeling valued’ in the workplace representing an extremely strong factor in job satisfaction. The Kings Fund study stated that the value which nurses as well as other staff members perceived as a result of groups outside of the NHS such as politicians, the public as well as the media were highly important in this equation. The Kings Fund study indicated that like the American hospitals, those NHS facilities that involve nurses in decision making, planning and policy have a happier and higher motivated workforce with lower turnover rates. The Kings Fund study also included focus group discussions out of which ‘feeling valued’ emerged as the key determinant defining morale and motivation. The critical issues identified from these sessions where as follows: Perceived Worth The study uncovered that the general consensus among those in the focus group was that they did not feel valued as professionals by members of their own profession who had higher educational achievements or degrees, as well as the public. Levels of Support Staff members indicated that they feel that they are not supported by politicians as well as employers, citing that the public perception of the NHS had changed after the government blamed NHS staff for service quality. Importantly, those focus group members who reported and or felt they were listened to felt motivated. Recognition and Treatment The status of treatment, in terms of recognition and support was indicated as an important consideration by members of the focus group study with regard to their feelings concerning their job and satisfaction with it. Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction is a category that is in lock step with morale and motivation, according to the Kings Fund study, and represents reasons linked with the intention to leave or as to why they have left employment. The foregoing includes factors such as the nature of the work, if there are advancement opportunities and other factors linked to job satisfaction. Resources and Pay In this context, resources referred to how well the service segment of the hospital facility is resourced overall as well as the manner in which staff members are rewarded. The foregoing highly influences morale as well as motivation as reported by medical managers and doctors. While some of the preceding areas seemingly do not correlate as being endemic to the examination of motivation and whether job satisfaction or financial incentives are the key to involvement for nurses, it was deemed important to draw a larger picture of the context to thus magnify the areas of importance within this context. The foregoing approach enables the research findings to draw upon additional information from which to support the rationales as well as aid in the formulation of the conclusion that the data suggests and points to. The foregoing also aids in the analysis of the primary research survey which represented a sampling of just 22 individuals. Chapter 3 Methodology The methodology utilized in equating the examination as to whether motivation at work for nurses in the NHS is dependent upon job satisfaction or financial incentives was conducted utilizing primary research in the form of a small survey as well as secondary research surveys as conducted by the RCN, the Kings Fund, Margaret Callaghan (2003, pp. 82-89), and ‘The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment: A Plan for Reform’ along with varied theories on job satisfaction and motivational factors. The utilization of five differing survey and studies on the subject were conducted to ensure that the conclusions drawn from this information was based upon having enough information from which to read into the examination. The secondary surveys and studies were both comprehensive as well as large and the topic field, while not specifically devoted to the examination as posed herein, did contain enough data, questions, elements and points to enable their use as viable information sources. Gr aph data was converted to tables herein to present the data in a more comprehensive and readable format. The utilization of various articles and news sources aided in identifying the past as well as the current temper of conditions, moods and attitudes in the NHS from the perspective of nurses as well as governmental actions and public opinions. The preceding enabled the establishment of an historical perspective, and the legislative actions undertaken by the United Kingdom government in the form of the â€Å"The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment: A Plan for Reform† (NHS, 2000) and the â€Å"NHS Improvement Plan† (Department of Health, 2004). The consensus of the overall effect of these plans is that the government has indeed made some progress in the hiring of additional nurses, doctors and technicians as well as introducing pay scale incentives, however, as stated by the BBC (2003) the NHS is still threatened with a shortfall of 50,000 nurses who are due to retire over the next five years despite the hiring of 40,000 extra nurses since 1997. The historical research utilize d as part of the methodology provided background information on the internal problems of the NHS which includes the fact that a large proportion of the 40,000 hired NHS nurses were obtained through foreign recruiting and that the pay incentive measures only reached 15,000 nurses in terms of the 12% pay raise (BBC News, 2003). Wheatcroft (2006) summarized the preceding in stating that all of the additional funds that have been provided to the N

Extrovert and Introvert Children

Children learn how to express themselves by watching their parents or guardian. They learn how to love; stress, get angry, sadness, or discontent etc†¦Cultural backgrounds have a lot to do with how children show emotion. Is your child’s emotional behavior acceptable by society standards? Parents that are in touch with their feelings and/ or emotions and are able to express themselves without being destructive are more then likely going to raise their child to express the appropriate emotion giving the situation.Parents with repressed emotions will also teach their children how to hold back their emotions. A child maybe more of an introvert if they are not aloud to express themselves, as the child that is encouraged to express how they feel is more likely to be an extrovert. Society tolerates emotional expression as long as it is not destructive to themselves or others. Many people will march in protest for or against a cause, which is acceptable by society, but if that pr otest turns violent then the emotional behavior is now an unacceptable means of expression.As your child grows you should encourage them to have an opinion and to be respectable to others opinions. Teaching your child that it is ok for someone to disagree, and we are not all meant to believe, feel, live and look the same way. Some cultural types are very adamant about what kind, when to, and even who is aloud to express certain emotions. Cultural differences play a huge part on many racist people. You may not be a racist but maybe your parents taught you that it is socially unacceptable to date or marry out side your race.Some cultural differences teach boys that crying shows weakness. Some parents may yell or talk aggressively, while others are very quiet and don’t have a whole lot of communication with the child at all. We as parents are the biggest influences on our child’s emotional behavior. The way we communicate with our child helps them develop emotionally. The way we encourage communication will also determine if they are able to communicate their feelings, needs, likes, or dislikes in a way which is socially acceptable.Children should be taught that all forms of emotions are normal feelings, and that it is ok to be angry, mad, disappointed, scared, confused, or happy etc†¦it’s dealing with those emotions and how we communicate those feelings which count. I always told my daughter that it was ok to tell me how she feels (whether I agreed or not) as long as she does it respectfully. I want her to feel that her opinion matters.

Terror In The Catcher in the Rye - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 632 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/05/21 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: Catcher in The Rye Essay Did you like this example? Throughout the novel Holden goes through a series of changes which, in turn, shapes the novel. As the adolescent he is, he makes choices that lead him to experiences in both a wonderous and innocent sense, as well as a more turbulent and terroristic sense. At the start of the novel The Catcher in the Rye holden is expelled and begin seeking ideals through a more turbulent perspective, however, by the end of the story he is overcoming these logics and becoming a more sane and innocent adolescent. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Terror In The Catcher in the Rye" essay for you Create order Throughout the novel Holden experiences tribulation and terror from being expelled and his reasons for being expelled, as well as his actions once he reaches the city. By the latter part and end of the novel he experienced innocence and realized his wrong doings, causing him to believe in a more caring and wondrous perspective, now being ready to grow up. Due to Holdenrs depression at the beginning of the story, and his increasing depression throughout the story he faces many poor decisions on his behalf. After leaving Pencey Preparatory holden flees to New York where he encounters feelings of anger, depression, and arousal. During this time he calls a stripper in order to fulfill his needs, however, she tells him the next day would be fine and he declines, not her. This angered him leading him to make more poor choices. This ideology causes him to act on his not so innocent ways and face terror and tribulation. He ends up in a bar later on in the story, getting drunk, dwelling in his thoughts of anger and depression. This tribulation is very important in shaping the story because without his poor decision making the story would have fallen through, and he might not have reached a better state of mind by the end of the novel. After getting drunk Holden finds his way back to his hotel where he encounters a prostitute, which he does not hing with, and gets beat up for not paying for the encounter. This tribulation that occurs throughout this portion of the novel shapes Holdenrs story and his life. Leading toward the end of the novel, holden reflects on his previous decision and the tribulation and terror that resulted from those decisions. By this point Holden realizes that he does in fact need to grow up at some point. When he finally returns home Holden avoids telling his parents about his troubles and hsi encounters after leaving Pencey. He does not want his father to kill him, nor does he want them to confront him and judge him on his wrong doings. At this point in the novel Holdenrs experiences and actions are becoming more innocent and wonderous. He now wants to change for the better, and explore growing up. The end of the novel is shaped by this. Holden changed his ways, for the better, and the novel turned around in his favor. Holden will not have tribulation or terror any longer, more so he will have a sense of curiosity, and innocence as he now begins to grow up. Holden began the story experiencing tribulation, which occurred throughout most of the novel. However, by the end of the story he overcame his terror and bad choices, and became a better person. By this point he was ready to grow up. The story as a whole was shaped by Holdenrs tribulation as an adolescent, as he experienced different things. The resolution of the story was shaped by his new found innocence, which lead him to be ready to become a grown up. Without this sense of change and new character, the sort would not have ended the way it did, and the starting tribulation would have occurred until the end of the novel, reflecting Holdenrs poor decisions.

Essay About Life

Essay About Life I think that there is hardly a more obvious assumption than the idea that every sane person’s goal in life, in short, is to achieve happiness. What is happiness, however, is an altogether different and much more complicated question. There are a number of notions that are somehow related to the concept of happiness in the consciousness of the majority of people, like love, wealth, achievement of self-expression, freedom and independence. All these and a great number of other ideas occupy very different positions in the personal lists of the most important things of every separate human being. In fact, misbalanced approach to one’s system of values is the thing that may ruin your life, make it unhappy. If you consider love to be the most important thing, and don’t take anything else into consideration, you may very soon find that a person, who thinks of nothing else but love, is not all that lovable; a person, who neglects everything else in pursuit of wealth, may find himself stranded and disillusioned, when – if – he finally achieves it; self-expression is nothing, when there is not a single person in the world, who wants to see what you have to express, and so on. So, what’s the way to happiness in our life? It’s hard to say and it is doubtful anybody will ever give a direct answer to it. After all, it was the question that tormented the philosophers ever since the philosophy itself appeared. I think that the best way to achieve happiness is simply to lead a decent life, in order to make its every moment a justification and reward for what you do. And a good life is the life you can at any moment look back to without wanting to change any single moment of it.

Single Parent Effect On Children s Well Being - 1219 Words

Trevor Valencia Prof. Lobato Comp 102 12 March 2017 Single Parent effect on Children s well being Raising a child on your own can be very challenging at times and can also cause negative effects on the child. Years ago in the United States it was common for everyone to go for the american dream. The dream that involves two parents, children, golden retrievers and the white picket fence in front of the house. However, today in America raising children on your own has become a lot more popular. Since 1960, single parent families have more than tripled and according to the Pew Research Center, â€Å"25 percent of households (8.6 million) were headed by single mothers in 2011. Another 6 percent of households (2.6 million) were headed by single†¦show more content†¦This clinginess can cause developmental disorders like Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) a disorder that causes inattentiveness, over-activity and impulsivity. The effect on development from having a single parent can be long term and make them achieve much less in life. Being raised by a single parent can ultimately lead to less achievement in life. This is because of the lack of parental support in childhood. Events such as divorce, leading to parents no longer living together cause emotional instability and lack of support, usually from the father figure because â€Å"about 50% of the approximately one million annual divorces involve couples with children (Anderson et al., 2004).In most cases, the mother has primary custody of the children†. Also, â€Å"Parental divorce during childhood or early adolescence deprives children mainly of the opportunity to get a male role model (McLanahan 1988). This large percentage of custody going to the mother and the deprivation of a father figure leaves many kids without a man to look up to and learn from. I know in my experience of having both parents I learned a lot from each one. For example, my father taught me how important it was to get an education and my mother taught me a lot about how to b e respectful and helpful around the house. I know that if i was lacking one ofShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Single Parenting On Children1494 Words   |  6 Pagesimpact of single parenting on children in the Unites States .Over the years the â€Å"normal family† form has changed due to the increase in the numbers of children born outside of marriages and the increase in divorce rates. Now many children live in households other than the two-parent household. Single-parenting is the lifestyle chosen by many parents, though the majority of single-parent households are regulated by the mother. Research shows there are many different effects on children raised inRead MoreThe Effects Of Parental Absence On Academic Achievement Of Adolescents1174 Words   |  5 PagesH. (2002). Examining the Effects of Parental Absence on the Academic Achievement of Adolescents: The Challenge of Controlling for Family Income. Journal of Family and Economic Issues 23.2, 189-210. A. The article targets the issue that how parent’s absence has a negative effect on the academic achievements of adolescents. It also discusses how it can be difficult for single-parents to manage family income. B. The article tells that when children lose a custodial parent, they go through drastic psychologicalRead MoreThe Effects Of Being Raised By A Single Parent1476 Words   |  6 Pagespeople raised their children back in the 50’s and 60’s are completely different from today society. Back then they believe in the nuclear family, which is a family with a mom, dad, and children. They believe staying together at all cost. If something was breaking or broken you fixed it. At times you wonder if they stayed for love, money, or just for the sake of the children. Now and days it is not the same. Families are broken up for many reasons. Rather it be by death, the other parent wanting out (suchRead MoreThe Single Parent Family Structural Environment And Economic Conditions Can Hinder The Development And Growth Of A Child936 Words   |  4 Pagesmany children live in homes where there is only one parent, commonly known as single-parent family. According to 2011 Canada Census Bure au information, the number of children living in single-parent households have gone up since 2001 and almost more than three quarters of these children aged 14 and under are living with single parent family headed by woman (Statistics Canada, 2011). Many times there is the absence of the father in these single-parent homes. Children living in such single parent homesRead MoreIncome Inequality: It’s Effect on African-American Single Mothers and Their Children1629 Words   |  7 PagesIncome Inequality: It’s Effect on African-American Single Mothers and Their Children. I believe that it’s not fair for single mothers to get paid less, when some of them are the back bones of this country. Currently the minimum wage, in the United States, is set to 8$ per hour. Women in general are only paid 77%, so it is appropriate to assume that through mathematics, women get a wage as high as $6.16. African-American women only get paid 64% of every dollar a man makes. If the minimum wage isRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of A Traditional Family1569 Words   |  7 Pagesadopted children. Most men and women have goals of falling in love, getting married and raising children together. The U.S Census Bureau conducted research in 2010 and discovered that there are only 20% of traditional families in the US. Most families share common beliefs, rites, and religions. Generally, these families have the same typical daily schedule; the parents wake up, get the children ready for school, drop them off at school, the parents go to work, leave work, pick their c hildren up fromRead MoreThe Impact Of Family Formation Change On The Cognitive, Social, And Emotional Well Being Of The Next Generation1572 Words   |  7 PagesEmotional Well-Being of the Next Generation in the section by Paul R. Amato, the author argues that single parent families are affected by many different things. This can change the social and emotional well-being of the child, which can lead to bad disciple. Children’s well-being is the issue addressed in â€Å"The Impact of Family Formation Change on the Cognitive, Social, and Emotional Well-Being of the Next Generation† by Paul R. Amato. The thesis of this essay is how being a single parent can differRead MoreEffects Of Divorce On Children s Socio Economic Success Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesOra Fudge English 1302.41430 Prof. Savage 4 Dec. 2016 Effects of Divorce on Children s Socio-Economic Success The family is the lowest unit within the social structure. Basically, a family consists of a couple and their children. Socially, a â€Å"full† family unit is respected while â€Å"one† units are stigmatized. In the past decade, an extensive literature has been developed in relation to the interplay between family structure, family change and child outcomes. In the developed world, marriage isRead MoreThe Impact Of Family Formation Change On The Cognitive, Social, And Emotional Well Being Of The Next Generation1031 Words   |  5 Pageson the cognitive, social, and emotional well-being of the next generation. Journal of Marriage and Child Wellbeing, 15 (2), 75-90. Retrieved from: www.futureofchildren.org. This journal explains that researchers, such as Amato, have several theories that explain why and how children growing up with single parents have an elevated risk of experiencing problems. Some of these problems include cognitive thinking, social interaction and the emotional well-being of the child. Most of the theories discussRead MoreChildren With The Parent Families1287 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Children with fathers at home tend to do better in school, are less prone to depression and are more successful in relationships. Children from one-parent families achieve less and get into trouble more than children from two parent families.†( The Consortium for the Study of School Needs of Children from One Parent Families, 1980). Children in single-parent homes are becoming more common now days; more so single mother families, where there is an absent father in the child’s life. Whether the

Uganda Free Essays

1. What is the nature of OpenMRS and why was it developed? Why were US universities, US National Institute of Health (NIH) and US donors involved in developing this system? 2. What were the impacts of using OpenMRS in ISS Clinic? How did the healthcare system improve? 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Uganda or any similar topic only for you Order Now What were the problems encountered in using OpenMRS? Discuss the battle of forms and why there were disagreements about what forms to use. Make a distinction between research vs. clinical objectives, US researcher vs. local objectives. 4. Why the OpenMRS project is in danger of failure? Why did the clinicians at ISS clinic say that â€Å"we didn’t ask for it. It is your problem†? Why MOH and US researchers are at odds about the value of OpenMRS? 5. What can be learned from this experience when implementing IT projects in developing countries? Do culture and world politics have a role? Why? 1. The OpenMRS is an electronic medical record system (EMRS) that was developed to track of patients medical records across a variety of different countries to be used in different types of clinics. Having the software as open source also meant that the source code could be assessed by anyone and customized to fit their particular need. In the ISS Clinic in Uganda it was used for patients being treated for HIV/AIDS. The system was developed to replace paper records which would make the work of researchers and clinic workers easier. The EMRs was used to track patient progress and track the inventory of antiretroviral drugs. US donors were most interested in the system as it made the retrieving information on patients that is needed for their research on AIDS, antiretroviral treatment, and other disease research much more accessible. 2. The impact of using OpenMRS was that it had greater storage capacity than Microsoft excel and it could be customized for their own particular use. Using the new system clinicians were able to able spend less time reviewing patient data and more time with patients as well as reducing wait times. Since patients usually did not see the same clinic staff. The data also allowed them to analyze patient trends and reduce the instance of drug stock outs. They could also use the data base to generate random samples for new research studies. 3. The problem with the Open MRS system is that not everyone in the clinic was on board. Clinic workers generally thought of the system as more for the US researchers. Clinicians did not have much access to the system either as their primary tool was still paper forms. Another bump in the road was the Ministry of Health standardizing all forms for HIV clinics meant that ISS needed to redo their system to match the new forms, which also were lacking room the for the additional data needed for UCSF and MGH research. The Ministry of Health in Uganda was concerned with making the reporting of HIV treatment standard for all patients across all the different health platforms, public or private. For the US researchers they wanted to include additional data for their various studies. Both the clinic and the researchers goal was to better and more efficiently treat the AIDS epidemic, however for the researchers they also needed to report back to their grant funders and publish studies in order to keep the program running. 4. The OpenMRS system was in danger of failure in 2010 because there was not enough financial support to cover the operational cost of the program. Funding was being stretched thinner and thinner and one of the clinics big grants was about to expire. The Ugandan Ministry of Health was also not willing to cover the gaps as they did not see the value in the system for their own objectives. The Clinicians didn’t see the immediate value of the system for themselves because they thought of it as a tool of the US researchers (US Researchers were the only ones publishing papers using the data) not thinking about how it’s effect on the day to day operations of the clinic. 5. I think that there is definitely a cultural element to the problem in developing support for the OpenMRS project. The US stakeholders seemed to come in and set up shop without any input from the local people or government. They thought that the government should automatically throw their support behind their efforts. The US stakeholders should have really engaged the local people more with the project, getting them more involved in developing the system and training them to use the system and showing clinicians why it is important for them. The Americans should have also gotten Ugandan researchers involved in using the system to publish their own papers. Having more of a local participation in the project and making it a collaborative effort would have made Ugandan government and workers see the system as their own. How to cite Uganda, Essay examples

Essays on Contract Legally Enforceable Law

Question: Describe about the Essays on Contract for Legally Enforceable Law. Answer: 1. The issue that is present in this case is related with the fact if the agreement that was concluded between Richard and his father is legally enforceable or not. According to this agreement, Richard's father agreed to pay him $200 per week in he took care of the family property and mowed the lawns. But later on, the father refused to pay this amount and claimed that as a member of the family, this work should be done by Richard for free. Under these circumstances, a question arises if Richard can legally enforce this promise. According to the law of contract, an agreement that has been concluded between the parties is considered to be enforceable under the law if the essential elements required for creating a valid contract are present. The formation of a valid contract requires that elements like offer, acceptance and consideration should be present. At the same time, it should be the intention of the parties that they are going to enter legal relations and the parties should also have the capacity to do so. The requirement according to which it should be the intention of the parties that the demand created by them should be enforceable by the law has been introduced by the law of contract so that a distinction can be made between the cases in which any action by the court should not be taken (Atiyah, 1990). As a result of the requirement of above mentioned essential elements, all the agreements that are created by the parties cannot be enforced by the law. Therefore, when two friends have decided to go out for dinner, such a promise is not enforceable by the law. In such a case, although a moral obligation is present that the promise to be fulfilled but this promise is not legally enforceable. Due to this reason, such agreements are not enforceable under the law. The reason behind this position of law is that in such cases, there is a lack of intention on the part of the parties to the demand that the promise made by them will be legally enforceable. In this regard, the law also goes by the wishes of the party. The result is that in order to decide if a particular agreement can be enforced under the law and to see if the parties had the intention of entering into legal relations, the law recognizes a distinction between domestic/social agreements and the agreements concluded in context of trade or commerce (Beale, (ed) 2002). The court had discussed the requirement of the intention of creating legal relations by the parties in Balfour v Balfour [1919]. Therefore while deciding the case, the court was of the opinion that even if the domestic arrangement created between the parties is of a complex nature, still a presumption will be present that it was not the intention of the parties to create legal relations. In the same way, the issue was also discussed by the court in Jones v Padavatton (1969). In this case, Mrs. Jones offered to pay $200 to her daughter if left her job in the US and went to study at the bar in London. Mrs. Jones wanted that her daughter should join her in Trinidad after completing her legal studies. Under these circumstances, the daughter of Mrs. Padavatton went to study in London however the acting made between the parties was not working smoothly. While the daughter believed that Mrs. Jones will be going to pay US$200, on the other hand Mrs. Jones had intended to pay $220 Trinidad do llars which half in value as compared to the US dollars. The result was that Mrs. Padavatton had to live in a single room with her son. Consequently, Mrs. Jones decided to purchase a large house for her daughter so she can rent out the rest of the rooms and this money was to be used by Mrs. Padavatton as her maintenance. Later on, the daughter could not complete their studies and she also married. Under these circumstances, Mrs. Jones wanted the possession of the house. In the court, the issue was if the parties had the intention of creating legal relations order or if it was only a family arrangement and the parties did not have any such intention. In its decision, the court stated that the arrangement between the parties was a family agreement. Consequently, it can be presumed that parties lacked the intention of entering into legal relations. In this regard, the court pointed out towards the fact that no evidence was presented to rebut this presumption regarding the lack of intention. When the facts of the above-mentioned case are applied to the present issue, it can be said that Richard's father had made a promise to pay $200 if Richard mowed the lawns but this was merely a domestic arrangement. It was not the intention of the parties that the promise made by them can be enforced under the law. Before giving this task to Richard, the same task was being done by a garden contractor and he was charging $350 for the same. However Richard's father promised to pay $200 to him if he took care of the family property and mowed the lawns. However after sometime, Richard's father said that this work should be done by Richard for free because he was also a member of the family and moreover, he was getting free boarding and lodging from him. As a result, now Richard wants to know if the promise made by his father to pay $200 per week can be enforced under the law. However, the rules of contract law that have been mentioned above, make it clear that if there is a lack of intention on the part of the parties to end the legal relations, such an agreement is not considered as a valid contract and therefore it cannot be enforced in a court of law. Therefore in the present case also, the agreement between Richard and his father was a domestic arrangement. Hence, a presumption is present that they did not have the intention of creating legal relations. At the same time, there is no evidence to rebut this presumption. As a result, Richard cannot enforce the promise according to which his father was going to be $200 per week. 2. On the grounds of the facts that have been provided in this question, the issue arises if any remedies are available to Frre Bros when Joe had breached the contract. In this case, the contract between the parties provided that Joe will not act in films of other companies for the period of the contract. The contract was for five years but in the first year itself, Joe decided to act in a film of Pretty Pictures. Therefore, the issue in this question is related with the remedies that may be available to Frre Bros. According to the law of contract, when a party to the contract has failed to fulfill its obligations under the contract or could not keep up the promise made by it, it is said that such party has breached the contract. The breach of contract committed by such party can be whole or in part (Benson, (ed) 2001). When it is established that the contract has been breached by a party, there are certain remedies that are available to the other party. Some of the main remedies that are available to the innocent party in such a case are damages, injunction and the remedy of specific performance. Generally, the remedy of damages is granted by the courts whenever there is a breach of contract. In this regard, the law of contract describes damages as the loss or cost that has to be incurred by the innocent party due to the wrongful acts of the other party (Addis v Gramophone, 1909). In this way, damages can be described as the payment that needs to be made under the common law when there is a breach of contract. The purpose behind the remedy of damages is to provide financial compensation to the innocent party for the loss that has been suffered by such a party due to the breach of contract (Burrows, Finn and Todd, 2002). Therefore it can be said that damages are provided for protecting the expectation interests of the promisee. Similarly, the court may also award contractual damages for breach of contract. Therefore when a breach of contract has taken place, the other by the may suffer a loss. In such a case, the court may award contractual damages not with a view to punish th e guilty party. In the same way, when damages are awarded by the court, the court does not consider the paying ability of the defendant. Due to this reason, the damages awarded by the court can be the difference present between the contractual rights and the price paid by the innocent party for the performance of the contract. The next remedy that may be granted by the courts whenever there is a breach of contract is that of specific performance. According to the law of contract, the remedy of specific performance is an order made by the court according to which the defendant had to perform a particular act and the defendant is already bound under the contract to perform such an act. It has been seen that usually the courts grant the remedy of specific performance when they want that something should be done by a party to the contract or when sent by the has to be restrained from doing something (Nutbrown v Thornton, 1805). It is also worth mentioning at this point that as a contractual remedy, specific performance can be used for the purpose of establishing an earlier established transaction. The remedy of specific performance can be most effective when such an order has been made with a view to protect the expectation interests of the innocent party in case of a breach of contract. However, while making an order of specific performance, the court has to see if adequate relief can be provided to the innocent party through another of damages. Therefore, when such a relief can be provided by an award of damages, generally the court will not make an order of specific performance. In the same way, the courts can also refuse to order specific performance if the contractual terms are not mention clearly by the parties. Another remedy that can be granted by the courts for the breach of contract by a party to the contract is intention. As a remedy for breach of contract, intention is in order according to which, the other party is prevented by the court from doing something. For this purpose, the court can issue different injunctions like mandatory injunction and interlocutory injunction. In this question, Frre Bros had a contract with a film actor, Joe. According to this contract, Joe will not act in the films of other companies for the period of contract. Although the contract was for five years but the first year of the contract itself, Joe agreed to act in the film of Pretty Pictures. Therefore it can be said that a breach of contract has been committed by Joe. The result is that the remedy of intention can be claimed by Frre Bros according to which, Joe will be restrained from acting in the film of Pretty Pictures. Hence, out of the remedies available for a breach of contract, the remedy of intention can be claimed by Frre Bros. References Atiyah, P.S. 1990, Essays on Contract, Oxford University Press, New York Beale, H. (ed) 2002, Cases, Materials and Text on Contract Law Hart Publishing, Oxford Benson, P. (ed) 2001, The Theory of Contract Law: New Essays Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Burrows, JF, Finn, J. and Todd, S. M.D. 2002, The Law of Contract in New Zealand (2nd ed, LexisNexis NZ, Wellington Case Law Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571 Jones v Padavatton [1969] 1 WLR 328 Addis v Gramophone[1909] AC 488 Nutbrown v Thornton (1805) 10 Ves 159